Study I · Exhibit 1
Charts
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 1
Alaska was recorded as receiving $25,027 per resident in FY2025 and Utah $7,875, Medicare set aside
Study VIII · Exhibit 1
Per resident, the fewest federal civilian employees since 1940
Study IX · Exhibit 1
The Second World War towers over everything since
Study IX · Exhibit 13
In FY2024 interest passed defense for the first time in the record
Study X · Exhibit 2
Debt held by the public is projected to pass its 1946 record in 2030
Study I · Exhibit 2
June 2026: the same month, in opposite directions
Study I · Exhibit 3
Why CPI runs above PCE — two official decompositions
Study I · Exhibit 4
The same two categories, weighted three times differently
Study I · Exhibit 5
What a contractor pays, against the national index
Study II · Exhibit 1
The minority section, where we could establish its span
Study II · Exhibit 2
The same year, the same frame, the opposite verdict
Study II · Exhibit 3
Days past the statutory filing deadline
Study III · Exhibit 1
Six published answers to “what do tariffs cost a household?”
Study III · Exhibit 2
The 2017 tax law: agreement, then divergence
Study III · Exhibit 3
What does federal regulation cost per year?
Study III · Exhibit 4
The same decomposition, two windows, opposite signs
Study III · Exhibit 5
Who lets you check the model
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 2
USAspending records $87.9 billion of Medicare to North Dakota; spread by enrollment, North Dakota’s share would be $2.6 billion
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 3
Recorded Medicare doubled from $578 billion in FY2014 to $1,164 billion in FY2025, and its largest line moved from Pennsylvania to Minnesota
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 4
Awards per resident rose 76% from FY2014 to FY2025, Medicare set aside; Alaska’s rose 140% and Utah’s 74%
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 5
Alaska’s awards per resident grew fastest from FY2014 to FY2025, +140%, and Tennessee’s slowest, +55%, Medicare set aside
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 6
Contracts were 64% of the District’s FY2025 awards and 59% of Virginia’s, Medicare set aside; across the 50 states and DC, 18%
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 7
Grants and direct payments per resident stayed above their FY2019 level after the pandemic money left, Medicare set aside
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 8
From FY2019 to FY2021 awards per resident rose $11,322 in Alaska and $3,185 in Alabama, Medicare set aside
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 9
Every state was a net recipient in FFY2020 and FFY2021; in FFY2023 three were net payers, New Jersey the largest
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 10
Social Security and veterans’ spending follow age and veterans; grants and contracts do not follow poverty or income
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 11
Ten high-contrast pairs, from New Mexico and New Jersey to FY2019 and FY2021, with the figures on both sides
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 12
Of $6,975.7 billion of FY2025 outlays that are awardable in kind, $5,219.2 billion is recorded as awards to the states, DC and Puerto Rico
Study V · Part Three · Exhibit 13
Four programs recorded by the beneficiary’s state match the agencies’ own state tables; Medicare does not
Study VIII · Exhibit 2
Both counts stopped falling in early 2026
Study VIII · Exhibit 3
Separations peaked in September 2025, the month of the first deferred-resignation deadline
Study VIII · Exhibit 4
Every department and agency with 500 or more employees shrank
Study VIII · Exhibit 5
The IRS lost the most employees of any component; ICE gained the most
Study VIII · Exhibit 6
The newest employees fell by more than half; political appointees rose fourfold
Study VIII · Exhibit 7
Deferred resignations by age: the largest group was 60 to 64
Study VIII · Exhibit 8
The largest falls were in Maryland, the District and Alaska
Study VIII · Exhibit 9
In the region, federal jobs stepped down in October 2025 and again in January 2026
Study VIII · Exhibit 10
Of the region’s large duty-station counties, only Alexandria gained
Study VIII · Exhibit 11
The region fell faster than the country
Study VIII · Exhibit 12
The region’s federal payroll, month by month
Study VIII · Exhibit 13
Maryland lost the largest share
Study VIII · Exhibit 14
Buyouts did thirteen times the cutting that layoffs did
Study VIII · Exhibit 15
Agency by agency: what agencies, auditors and OPM’s data report
Study VIII · Exhibit 16
The calendar of the cut
Study VIII · Exhibit 17
A quarter of the District’s economy
Study VIII · Exhibit 18
Payroll in the District and Maryland, contracts in Virginia
Study VIII · Exhibit 19
What was forecast, and what the payroll shows
Study VIII · Exhibit 20
Eleven times the usual number of federal workers filed for unemployment in Maryland
Study VIII · Exhibit 21
Lease savings, claimed, and what GAO found
Study VIII · Exhibit 22
The trains filled while the payroll emptied
Study IX · Exhibit 2
Defense took 3.0% of GDP and 13.1% of federal outlays in FY2025
Study IX · Exhibit 3
Defense spending in the post-9/11 years exceeded the Second World War’s in total dollars, across three and a half times as many years
Study IX · Exhibit 4
Designated war funding peaked at $186.9 billion in FY2008
Study IX · Exhibit 5
What Brown’s $8.0 trillion counts beyond the war funding
Study IX · Exhibit 6
Operation and maintenance has been the largest title every year since 1988
Study IX · Exhibit 7
Development and humanitarian aid was the largest international line in 2025
Study IX · Exhibit 8
Disability compensation, pensions and medical care were nine-tenths of the veterans line in 2025
Study IX · Exhibit 9
The Marshall Plan years remain the largest per person
Study IX · Exhibit 10
Ukraine was still the largest recipient in FY2025
Study IX · Exhibit 11
Israel has received more than any other country since 1946
Study IX · Exhibit 12
In 2025 the United States accounted for 33.0% of world military spending
Study X · Exhibit 1
Debt per resident has more than quadrupled since 1946, in fiscal 2025 dollars
Study X · Exhibit 3
The government has run a deficit in 52 of the 56 fiscal years since 1970
Study X · Exhibit 4
Net interest was 13.8% of federal outlays and 3.2% of GDP in FY2025
Study X · Exhibit 5
Gross interest rose from $522.8 billion in FY2020 to $1.22 trillion in FY2025
Study X · Exhibit 6
Social Security, Medicare and interest take spending to 27.9% of GDP by 2056
Study X · Exhibit 7
Corporate income taxes fell from 32% of receipts in 1952 to 8.6% in FY2025
Study X · Exhibit 8
Customs refunds reached $125.2 billion in FY2026 through August
Study X · Exhibit 9
In tax year 2023 the top 1% of returns paid 38.4% of individual income tax
Study X · Exhibit 10
The top 1%’s average federal tax rate was 31.5% in 2022, against 35.1% in 1979
Study X · Exhibit 11
Agencies reported $185.8 billion of improper payments in FY2025, up from $161.5 billion
Study X · Exhibit 12
Medicaid had the largest improper-payment estimate in FY2025: $37.4 billion
Study X · Exhibit 13
Twenty-four programs that were canceled, missed their goal or measured their losses
Study XI · Exhibit 1
The promise is $1.23 trillion; the tariffs to pay for it net $167 billion
Study XI · Exhibit 2
One adult got $4,100 in today’s money in 2020–21; this pays $5,000
Study XI · Exhibit 3
$5,000 for every citizen is $1.6 trillion, twice the pandemic checks
Study XI · Exhibit 4
Last time, households spent or planned to spend a quarter of the check; the rest was parked
Study XI · Exhibit 5
At CBO’s range for the 2020 rebates, the output effect is $0.4T to $2.4T in a weak economy
Study XI · Exhibit 6
Taxed as income, the top bracket would keep $3,150 of $5,000; tax-free, everyone keeps it all
Study XI · Exhibit 7
Borrowed, it costs $56 billion a year, more than all foreign affairs
Study XI · Exhibit 8
Rolled over, the interest equals the checks in year 21
Study XI · Exhibit 9
Each citizen gets $5,000 once; each resident pays $163 a year for it
Study XI · Exhibit 10
The checks went into savings first, then into prices
Study XI · Exhibit 11
The same shape, three and a half times the size
Study XI · Exhibit 12
Scored at $867B, the pandemic checks paid $814B; households said they spent about a quarter
Study XI · Exhibit 13
The share households said they spent fell with each check: 29%, 26%, 25%
Study XI · Exhibit 14
2021: 6% unemployment, zero rates. 2026: 4% and 3.75%
Study XI · Exhibit 15
$1.23 trillion is 3.8% of GDP and 20 days of consumer spending
Study XI · Exhibit 16
Adds 3.7 points of GDP to the debt, on a path that passes 1946 in 2030
Study XI · Exhibit 17
A household’s payment is a third of a year’s income at the bottom and 2% at the top
Study XI · Exhibit 18
Of every dollar spent in FY2025, 25 cents was borrowed; new ten-year money costs 5.24%
Study XI · Exhibit 19
Borrowed at 3.49%, the check costs twice itself by year 20; at today’s ten-year yield, 2.8 times
Study XI · Exhibit 20
One borrowed dollar is $1.41 in ten years at 3.49% and $1.67 at today’s ten-year yield
Study XI · Exhibit 21
No listed offset covers more than a sixth of the $1.23 trillion
Study XII · Exhibit 1
Interest takes 18.5¢ of each tax dollar; CBO’s path takes it to 37¢
Study XII · Exhibit 2
Net interest is 3.2% of GDP, a record; CBO has it at 6.9% by 2056
Study XII · Exhibit 3
The bill more than doubled in five years; about 60% of the rise was higher rates
Study XII · Exhibit 4
A third of the debt rolls over within a year, at 4–5.6%, not 3.5%
Study XII · Exhibit 5
When the rate on the debt rises above growth, the debt feeds on itself
Study XII · Exhibit 6
0.1 point on interest rates is $379 billion over ten years
Study XII · Exhibit 7
One point on rates adds 47 points of GDP to the debt by 2056
Study XII · Exhibit 8
Holding the debt where it is takes $9.5 trillion over ten years
Study XII · Exhibit 9
Interest passed defense and Medicare in 2024; Medicare again 2028, Social Security 2047
Study XII · Exhibit 10
Of each borrowed dollar, 33¢ comes out of private investment
Study XII · Exhibit 11
The last AAA was lost over this: 18% of revenue, headed to 30%
Study XIX · Exhibit 1
Federal money was 34% of the states’ general revenue in fiscal 2024: 50% in Louisiana and 49% in Alaska, 34% in Maryland and 27% in Virginia
Study XIX · Exhibit 2
The federal share of state general revenue rose from 31% in 2012 to 37% in 2021 and was 34% in 2024; Virginia’s has stayed six to twelve points below it
Study XIX · Exhibit 3
Federal money to state governments came to $3,159 per resident in fiscal 2024: $6,963 in Alaska; Maryland received $3,263, Virginia $2,517
Study XIX · Exhibit 4
By the states’ own budget accounts, federal funds paid for 34% of all state spending in fiscal 2025: 49% in Louisiana, 31% in Maryland, 28% in Virginia
Study XIX · Exhibit 5
Maryland’s general fund is 39% of its spending and federal funds 31%; Virginia runs more through other state funds, 34%, $8.5 billion of it transportation
Study XIX · Exhibit 6
Public welfare, which is mostly Medicaid, took 32% of state general spending in 2024, up from 28% in 2014; it is 35% in Maryland and 29% in Virginia
Study XIX · Exhibit 7
Washington paid 64% of the $944 billion Medicaid cost in fiscal 2024: 78% in New Mexico, Kentucky and West Virginia, 64% in Virginia, 60% in Maryland
Study XIX · Exhibit 8
The national SNAP payment error rate was 10.62% in fiscal 2025; 19 states and the District were at or above 10%, the top band of the new state match
Study XIX · Exhibit 9
Applied to fiscal 2025 benefits, fiscal 2025 error rates would put $11.1 billion of the $95.6 billion in SNAP benefits on state budgets
Study XIX · Exhibit 10
SNAP rolls fell 13% between June 2025 and June 2026, from 41.7 million people to 36.4 million; Maryland fell 6%, Virginia 8% and the District 6%
Study XIX · Exhibit 11
States ended fiscal 2025 with $191 billion in rainy day funds, 14.9% of general fund spending (median 13.5%); Virginia held 13.0%, Maryland 9.2%
Study XIX · Exhibit 12
Fourteen states take more than the national share of their revenue from Washington and hold less than the median rainy day fund
Study XVIII · Exhibit 1
Since 2000 Virginia’s economy grew 69% in real terms and the nation’s 70%; Maryland’s grew 62% and the District’s 58%
Study XVIII · Exhibit 2
The District’s GDP per resident, $278,205, is the highest of any state or district; Virginia ranks 15th and Maryland 17th, both near the national $90,294
Study XVIII · Exhibit 3
Government is 30% of the District’s output and professional services 24%; finance and real estate lead Maryland and Virginia
Study XVIII · Exhibit 4
Virginia’s manufacturing share fell from 13.2% of GDP in 2000 to 7.3% in 2025; professional and business services rose from 13.8% to 18.2%
Study XVIII · Exhibit 5
The federal government, civilian and military, produced 28% of the District’s GDP in 2025, 12% of Maryland’s and 8% of Virginia’s, against 3.6% nationally
Study XVIII · Exhibit 6
The District’s federal share fell from 36% in 1997 to 28% in 2025; since 2010 Maryland’s has held at 12.3–13.4% and Virginia’s fell from 10.7% to 8.4%
Study XVIII · Exhibit 7
Federal civilian jobs were 25% of covered employment in the District in 2025, 5.5% in Maryland and 4.5% in Virginia; the national share is 1.9%
Study XVIII · Exhibit 8
Federal jobs fell 6.5% in Maryland, 3.9% in the District and 2.9% in Virginia from 2024 to 2025 on the annual average; the nation fell 2.9%
Study XVIII · Exhibit 9
Per capita personal income in 2025: $119,772 in the District, $82,387 in Maryland, $80,903 in Virginia, $77,028 nationally
Study XVIII · Exhibit 10
Virginia exported $19.1B of goods in 2025 and Maryland $16.6B; per resident, $2,152 and $2,643 against $6,308 nationally
Study XVIII · Exhibit 11
Canada is the largest market for both states: $2.2B of Maryland’s exports and $3.0B of Virginia’s; France is Maryland’s second and Mexico Virginia’s
Study XVIII · Exhibit 12
Transportation equipment leads Maryland’s manufactured exports at $3.5 billion; chemicals lead Virginia’s at $2.4 billion